Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online dan Sistem Hukum Pidana Indonesia

Abstract

Online gender-based violence (OGBV) is a form of violence that uses information technology and digital spaces to target victims based on gender relations, including threats, sexual harassment, non-consensual dissemination of intimate materials, sexual exploitation, and privacy violations. Its digital character allows the harm to be repeated, amplified, and difficult to control after content has been distributed. This study aims to analyze the legal construction of victim protection in OGBV cases within the Indonesian criminal justice system and formulate a victim-oriented framework for strengthening protection. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Primary legal materials include Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes and Law Number 1 of 2024 on the Second Amendment to the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, while secondary materials consist of relevant legal literature and previous studies. The findings show that Indonesian law has established a normative basis through the criminalization of electronic sexual violence, victims’ rights to handling, protection and recovery, and mechanisms for dealing with certain harmful electronic content. Nevertheless, protection still faces challenges involving institutional coordination, digital evidence, content removal, secondary victimization, and unequal access to services. A stronger protection system requires an integrated approach connecting law enforcement, victim recovery, digital evidence and data protection, and inter-institutional coordination.